The PC-SIG Library 10

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Guide to Power Sheets (TM) version 2.25E IBM and 100% compatibles Copyright 1980, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1988 Datamension Corporation Copyright 1988 Al Baker All Rights Reserved Power Sheets is a Shareware Distribution of Report Manager From the Original Author with Permission From Datamension Corporation Report Manager is a registered trademark of Datamension Corporation Distributed by Al Baker 3936 Sunset Lane Northbrook, IL 60062 (312) 480-9505 1. 06/14/88 Guide to PS CONTENTS Page PS AT-A-GLANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PS COMMAND SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 PS HELP SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 PS SCREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 MOVING THE CURSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 PS DATA CUBE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 RANGES & LISTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PS' THREE MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 MAKING ENTRIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PS FUNCTION KEYS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 READY MODE COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . . 17 EDIT MODE COMMANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . 19 COMMAND MODE COMMANDS . . . . . . . . . . 21 I/O COMMANDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 VALID CELL REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . 39 OPERATORS & PRECEDENCE. . . . . . . . . . 41 PREPROGRAMMED FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . 42 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . 47 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 48 INTERACTIVE (EXEC) FUNCTIONS. . . . . . . 49 PS EXEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 EXEC PROGRAM STATEMENTS . . . . . . . . . 51 EXEC KEYSTROKE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . 54 COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . 55 2. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS AT-A-GLANCE ------------------------------------------------------------ To start PS a:ps Enter ------------------------------------------------------------ To exit PS and return to DOS Ctrl-QY ------------------------------------------------------------ Default drive for data b: ------------------------------------------------------------ To change drive for data See p. 37 ------------------------------------------------------------ Disk storage required for PS 261Kb ------------------------------------------------------------ Minimum RAM required to run PS 256Kb ------------------------------------------------------------ RAM used when you start PS 70Kb ------------------------------------------------------------ Memory management type Dynamic ------------------------------------------------------------ Page consolidation type Automatic ------------------------------------------------------------ Recalculation method Automatic ------------------------------------------------------------ Recalculation order Natural ------------------------------------------------------------ Recalculation precision 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ Exponent range -99 to +99 ------------------------------------------------------------ On-screen column-width indicator? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ Help key Function key F1 ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of columns 255 (A thru IU) ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of rows 255 (1 thru 255) ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of pages (memory resident) 255 (A thru IU) ------------------------------------------------------------ Total number of cells 16,581,375 ------------------------------------------------------------ Cell reference (address) types 5 ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample absolute cell reference: "The cell at column A, row 1, page A" A1A ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample relative cell reference: "The cell 2 cells to the right, 3. 06/14/88 Guide to PS 4 down, and 6 behind cell B1A" @(2,4,6,B1A) (The values 2, 4, and 6 may be computed from formulas.) ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample current-cell reference: "The cell where the cursor is" & ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample labeled cell: "The cell for total profits" %PROFITS ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample reserved-word cell reference: "The next cell that contains data" NEXT ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample range, 1-dimensional A1A.A22A ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample range, 2-dimensional A1A.H22A ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample range, 3-dimensional A1A.H22E ------------------------------------------------------------ Highlight ranges? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ Sample list (used by functions) A1A*3,B4A,B1B.B5F ------------------------------------------------------------ Average bytes/cell overhead 20b (appx.) ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of characters per cell 127 (max.) ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of commands 120 ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of functions 76 ------------------------------------------------------------ Number of EXEC (macro) statements 33 ------------------------------------------------------------ EXEC (macro) location Cells or disk file ------------------------------------------------------------ Sort types Column, page, row ------------------------------------------------------------ Sort keys 3 ------------------------------------------------------------ Search for keyword? Yes (/K, then Tab) ------------------------------------------------------------ Link files? Yes (/SXR) ------------------------------------------------------------ Protect files with password? Yes (/GP) ------------------------------------------------------------ Export ASCII files? Yes (/EP) ------------------------------------------------------------ Import ASCII files? Yes (/SXD) 4. 06/14/88 Guide to PS ------------------------------------------------------------ Export DIF files? Yes (/SXO) ------------------------------------------------------------ Import DIF files? Yes (/SXI) ------------------------------------------------------------ Does calc pause to accept user input? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ Can cursor outpace screen redraw? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ Are PS production disks copyable? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ Will PS run from a hard drive? Yes ------------------------------------------------------------ 5. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS COMMAND SUMMARY ------------------------------------------------------------ Operation: Command from ready mode: ------------------------------------------------------------ Align text or number /FL or /FR ------------------------------------------------------------ Blank (clear) data /B ------------------------------------------------------------ Calc off /GN ------------------------------------------------------------ Calc on /GC ------------------------------------------------------------ Clear (blank) all data /C ------------------------------------------------------------ Copy (replicate) data /R ------------------------------------------------------------ Delete column, row, page /D ------------------------------------------------------------ Export ASCII file /EP ------------------------------------------------------------ Export DIF file /SXO ------------------------------------------------------------ Format commas /F, or /GF, ------------------------------------------------------------ Format integers /FI or /GFI ------------------------------------------------------------ Format dollar signs /F$ or /GF$ ------------------------------------------------------------ Goto a cell @ (shift 2) ------------------------------------------------------------ Help Function key F1 ------------------------------------------------------------ Import ASCII file /SXD ------------------------------------------------------------ Import DIF file /SXI ------------------------------------------------------------ Insert column, row, page /I ------------------------------------------------------------ Keyword search /K then Tab ------------------------------------------------------------ Load a file /SL or function key F7 ------------------------------------------------------------ Margins of printout /PSP ------------------------------------------------------------ Numeric (formula) entry + = or ; ------------------------------------------------------------ Print data /PT or function key F5 6. 06/14/88 Guide to PS ------------------------------------------------------------ Quit PS Ctrl-QY ------------------------------------------------------------ Replicate (copy) data /R ------------------------------------------------------------ Save data /SS or function key F9 ------------------------------------------------------------ Sort data /O ------------------------------------------------------------ Textual (label) entry ' (apostrophe) ------------------------------------------------------------ Width of column /FW or /GW ------------------------------------------------------------ 7. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS HELP SYSTEM Function key F1 is the help key. During most PS operations, you may press function key F1 to see a screen containing options and context-sensitive guidance. The next keystroke removes the help screen. If you press function key F1, PS returns to your previous place in the program. If you press Esc, PS cancels the current command, and returns to ready mode. If you press the next key in the command sequence, PS processes that keystroke. 8. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS SCREEN When you start PS, you see a screen bordered by letters and numbers. Letters across the top identify columns; numbers along the left edge identify rows. The bright rectangle in the upper left is the screen cursor. It marks a cell. A cell is the intersection of a column, row, and page. You can move the cursor from cell to cell. The two lines at the screen bottom are the status lines. The indicators here provide information as you work. P:A1A This indicates the position of the cursor. When you start PS, the cursor is at cell A1A (column A, row 1, page A). This indicator changes when you move the cursor. The P: means PS is in the page view. W9 The width indicator always shows the width of the current column. The default is nine characters. W9 means the current column is 9 characters wide. 99.9% This indicator tells you how much memory is left. As you put data into PS, this percentage drops. 1Help, 3Run, etc. These indicators remind you how PS uses function keys. Refer to PS FUNCTION KEYS, p. 16. Last file: The name of the last file acted upon by a storage command shows here. READY This mode indicator shows PS is in ready mode. Other modes include command (CMD) and edit (EDIT). 9. 06/14/88 Guide to PS MOVING THE CURSOR When you first start PS, the cursor is at cell A1A. To move the cursor to cell A1 on page B, press the PgDn key. The indicator on the first status line now shows P:A1B. PS has 255 pages, named A thru IU. To move back to page A, press PgUp. The indicator now shows P:A1A. Therefore, to move the cursor from page to page, press PgUp and PgDn. To move the cursor right to column B, press the right-arrow key on the numeric keypad. The indicator shows P:B1A. To move back to column A, press left-arrow. To move down a row press down- arrow; to move up, press up-arrow. As you press an arrow key, the cursor moves in the arrow's direction. The indicator also changes to show your current location, i.e., the current cell. Therefore, to move the cursor across columns and rows, press the arrow keys. There are still other ways to move the cursor. Refer to READY MODE COMMANDS, p. 17. 10. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS DATA CUBE As you can see, PS is a workbook composed of columns, rows, and pages. This workbook is called a data cube. A cell is the intersection of a column, row, and page in the data cube. A cell reference is the "address" of a cell in the cube. For example, starting at A1A, the cell 3 columns to the right, 3 rows down, and 2 pages in, is cell D4C. PS has up to 255 columns (A-IU), 255 rows (1-255), and 255 pages (A-IU). In all, there are over 16,000,000 cells in PS. Therefore, D4C is a cell reference composed of three coordinates. D is the column coordinate, 4 is the row coordinate, and C is the page coordinate. The first, second, and third coordinates always represent column, row, and page, respectively. Cell references are important because you use them to build formulas and select commands. There are other ways to form cell references. Refer to VALID CELL REFERENCES, p. 39. 11. 06/14/88 Guide to PS RANGES & LISTS Very often you need to define sections of the data cube when you build formulas and select commands. Ranges A cell range is a set of contiguous cells. To type a range, type two cell references separated by a period. Do not put a space before or after the period. The first cell reference is the range's beginning; the second is its end. You may use any valid cell reference (p. 39) in a range. For example, when you select the /BT command, you see the prompt, "Blank To-cell?". This is PS's way of asking you to define a section of the cube, i.e., to type a range. A typical response is the range A1A.H22A Enter. This erases all the cells between A1A and H22A. Lists A list is a non-contiguous set of cells and values. To type a list, type the items in the list separated by commas. Do not put a space before or after the comma. Items in a list may be valid cell references (p. 39), ranges, or numeric values which include formulas. For example, the SUM() function acts on a list. The function sum(A1A,500,C1A.C10A), adds together the value of A1A, the value 500, and the sum of the values in C1A through C10A. 12. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS' THREE MODES PS has three basic modes of operation, the ready, edit, and command modes. When you use PS, you establish mathematical relationships among cells. This process involves three basic steps: 1) In the ready mode you move the cursor to a cell. 2) Then you enter the edit mode to put data in the cell. You then repeat the first two steps for other cells. 3) Finally, you select the slash commands to manipulate the data you entered. These commands let you save, load, erase, copy, and sort the data you entered. 13. 06/14/88 Guide to PS MAKING ENTRIES To make an entry, move to the cell where you want to put data. You enter the edit mode when you press the first keystroke in your entry. At this point, the READY indicator changes to EDIT, and you see your first keystroke on the edit line at the bottom of the screen highlighted by the edit cursor. Continue typing your entry. When you finish, press Enter. This makes PS accept your entry. You now see your entry on the edit line and in the data area in the top part of the screen. The EDIT indicator changes back to READY. When you move the screen cursor you no longer see the entry on the edit line, but it remains in the data area. While in edit mode, if you want to discard what you typed, press Esc (instead of Enter). This cancels your entry, and restores the previous contents of the cell. The EDIT indicator also changes back to READY. You may use different keys to enter the edit mode from the ready mode. These keys are summarized in READY MODE COMMANDS, p. 17. While you make entries, the edit mode commands are available to help you type. These commands are summarized in EDIT MODE COMMANDS, p. 19. You may enter several kinds of data into PS, namely, numbers, text, dates, times, and formulas. Entering Numbers To put a number in a cell, move the cursor to the cell, type the number (omit commas and dollar signs), and press Enter. Entering Text Move to the cell, type the text, and press Enter. If the text begins with a number, first press the apostrophe ('), type the text, and press Enter. Entering Dates Move to the cell, type the date in digital form, separating month, day, and year digits with the apostrophe ('), not the slash, and press Enter. For example, enter Feb. 9, 1988, as 2'9'88. 14. 06/14/88 Guide to PS Entering Times Move to the cell, and type the time in 24-hour format, separating hours, minutes, and seconds with colons (:), and press Enter. For example, enter 2pm as 14:00:00. Entering Formulas When you enter formulas, you really begin to use the power of PS. A formula is a joining together of numbers, dates or times, cell references, and functions in a single cell. The "joiners" are called operators. The main operators are addition (+), subtrac- tion (-), multiplication (*) and division (/). You can find a complete list of operators in OPERATORS & PRECEDENCE, p. 41. Examples of formulas are: 3+4 3+4+A1A 3+4+A1A*G22A (3+4+A1A*G22A)/sum(B1A.B10a) If a formula begins with a letter, your first keystroke from the ready mode must be the plus sign (+), equal sign (=), or semi- colon(;), your choice. This keystroke does not appear on the edit line; it serves to tell PS that the entry is numeric, not textual. Editing Entries Move to the cell and press Enter. You are now in edit mode. Use the edit mode commands to edit the entry. When you finish, press Enter. You see the edited entry on the edit line and in the data area. Changing Entry Types To convert a number entry to text, move to the cell, press apostrophe ('), and then Enter. To convert a textual entry to a numeric entry, move to the cell, press + = or ; and press Enter. 15. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS FUNCTION KEYS The function keys are marked "F1", "F2", etc. Do not type two separate characters, such as "F" and "1". F1 (from ready or edit modes). Displays context-sensitive help screen. F3 (from ready mode). Runs a file EXEC; same as /ER. F3 (from edit mode). Enters pointing mode. F5 (from ready mode). Starts printing; same as /PT. F5 (from edit mode). Allows input of hexadecimal character. Used for displaying special symbols and for setting up your printer. F7 (from ready mode). Loads storage file; same as /SL. F9 (from ready mode). Saves data as storage file; same as /SS. 16. 06/14/88 Guide to PS READY MODE COMMANDS Ready mode commands allow you to move the screen cursor, enter edit mode, and enter command mode. Function key F1 Help key. May be pressed at any time except while an EXEC is running. Up-arrow Directional movement of Down-arrow screen cursor: up, down, Right-arrow right, left. Left-arrow PgDn (or >) Moves in a page. PgUp (or <) Moves out a page. @ Goto command. Displays prompt "Cell Name?". Respond with any valid cell reference, press Enter; screen cursor moves to that cell. Tab Forward Search Command. Moves screen cursor to next non- blank cell forward from current cell. If /K set, moves screen cursor to next cell forward from current cell which matches a selected keyword. Shift-Tab Backward Search Command. Moves screen cursor to next non-blank cell backward from current cell. If /K set, moves screen cursor to next cell backward from current cell which matches a selected keyword. Esc No effect. Enter Enters edit mode for current cell. If cell blank, allows textual entry. 17. 06/14/88 Guide to PS Ins Enters edit mode; inserts a blank space at edit cursor. Del Enters edit mode; deletes first character on edit line. Home Enters edit mode; puts edit cursor at beginning of cell contents to be edited. Ctrl-End Enters edit mode; deletes cell contents and puts edit cursor at beginning of edit line. End Enters edit mode; moves edit cursor to end of cell contents to be edited. 0-9 ; = : + - . ( Enters edit mode; allows numeric entry. A-Z ' " Enter Enters edit mode; allows textual entry. / Enters command mode; displays menu of slash (/) commands. Ctrl-P Prints screen image to a properly connected printer. Ctrl-Q Exits PS. Ctrl-QY Yes. Confirms exit. PS exits to operating system. Ctrl-QN No. Cancels exit command. PS returns to ready mode. 18. 06/14/88 Guide to PS EDIT MODE COMMANDS Edit mode commands allow you to create or modify cell contents. Function key F1 Help key. Right-arrow Moves edit cursor one space to right. Left-arrow Moves edit cursor one space to left; does not erase characters as it moves. Backspace Moves edit cursor one space to left; erases characters as it moves. Ins Inserts a blank space at edit cursor. Del Deletes a character at edit cursor. Home Moves edit cursor to beginning of cell contents being edited. End Moves edit cursor to end of cell contents being edited. Ctrl-End Deletes all characters from the edit cursor to the end of the line. Up-arrow Xnn Allows input of graphics character (nn = the two- character hexadecimal code of a graphics character.) ? Lets you convert cell labels to cell names, and cell names to values. When you suffix a cell label with one "?" a cell label (%PROFITS?), a current cell reference (&?), a relative cell reference (@(x,y,z)?), or a reserved- word cell reference (PRIOR?, 19. 06/14/88 Guide to PS NEXT?, END?), replaces the cell reference with the cell name (such as B10A); suffixing two ?s to the above yields the cell's value. When suffixed to a cell name (A1A?), replaces the cell name with the cell's value; suffixing two ?s to a cell name is the same as suffixing one. ! When suffixed to a formula, concludes editing, and replaces formula with its value, and returns PS to ready mode. Esc Concludes editing, discards changes made in edit mode, and returns PS to ready mode. Enter Concludes editing, enters new or edited data into current cell, and returns PS to ready mode. Ctrl-P Prints screen image to a properly connected printer. 20. 06/14/88 Guide to PS COMMAND MODE COMMANDS A command is an instruction to PS to perform a task. In command mode, you specify a command and then choose options and suboptions to completely execute the command. To enter the command mode, press the slash (/) key from the ready mode. You see the menu of main commands at the bottom of the screen. Next, to select a command, type the first letter of a menu item. A secondary menu appears. To continue the command sequence, type the first letter of the option. In some cases, additional options appear. When executing most commands, Esc cancels the command, and returns PS to ready mode. The Help key (function key F1) is available at all command levels. / Commands: Description: Esc If pressed after entering command mode but before the command is executed, cancels that command and returns PS to ready mode. /A Makes alter view commands available as follows: /AC Rotates data cube to column view. (Rows read down, pages read across.) /AR Rotates data cube to row view. (Pages read down, columns read across.) /AP Rotates data cube to page view. (Rows read down, columns read across.) /AP is the PS default. 21. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /B Allows blanking one or more cells, as follows: /BY Blanks current cell. /BT Allows blanking a cell range. Displays prompt "Blank To-cell?". Enter range or cell reference. If cell reference, the range from the cursor to the cell specified at the prompt is blanked. /C Allows clearing (erasing) current sheets. Confirmation required: press Y to clear sheets, or press Esc to cancel /C command. CAUTION: This command clears all data. Consider saving data before you select /C. /D Makes delete commands available as follows: /DC If in page view (rows read down, columns read across), deletes column which contains cursor. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across), deletes the page which contains cursor. If in row view (pages read down, columns read across), deletes the column which contains the cursor. /DR If in page view (rows read down, columns read across), deletes row which contains cursor. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across), deletes the 22. 06/14/88 Guide to PS row which contains the cursor. If in row view (pages read down, columns read across), deletes the page which contains the cursor. /DP If in page view (columns read across, rows read down), deletes the page which contains the cursor. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across), deletes the column which contains the cursor. If in row view, (pages read down, columns read across), deletes the row which contains the cursor. /E Makes EXEC commands available as follows: (In the description below, "file" = file name you enter at prompt "...File Name?") /EC cell Runs an in-memory EXEC whose first line is at "cell" (any valid cell reference). /EDY file Allows deleting "file". Confirmation required: press Y to delete file named next; or press Esc to cancel /ED command. CAUTION: This command can delete any type of file except PS storage files. /EE file Allows echo (simultaneous recording) of all subsequent keystrokes to a disk file name specified. 23. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /EL file Runs (loads) specified file EXEC (invisibly); clears current sheets. Suppresses most screen activity caused by the EXEC. /EM file Merges specified file EXEC into current sheets. /EN Cancels /EE command, stops echoing of subsequent keystrokes, and closes file opened by preceding /EE command. /EP file Prints all or part of current sheets to disk in ASCII format. Area printed is bounded by current cursor and the cell entered at prompt "Print To-cell?". /ER file Runs specified file EXEC. /ES file Saves current sheets to disk as a file EXEC. /F Makes local (i.e, current cell) format commands available as follows: /F$ Displays current numeric cell with dollar sign prefixed. /F, Inserts commas between every third number to left of decimal of current numeric cell. /F% label Allows assigning an arbitrary label such as "PROFITS" to current cell. ("label" = a string which is typed after the % sign, without an intervening spacebar, 8-character maximum. Subsequent 24. 06/14/88 Guide to PS reference to labelled cell must include %.) /FD Resets current cell to current global (default) format. /FE Sets current cell to scientific notation format. /FFnn Sets current cell to specified number of decimal places. (nn = 0-15.) /FH Horizontally centers current textual cell contents on screen, window, or printout. /FI Sets current numeric cell to integer (whole number) format. /FL Aligns current cell contents along left margin (flush left). /FP up-arrow Xc Sets plotting format for current cell. (c = the two-character hexadecimal code of the character to be plotted.) /FR Aligns current cell contents along right margin (flush right). /FV Vertically centers current textual cell contents on screen, window, or printout. /FWnnn Sets individual column width to number of spaces specified by nnn. (nnn = 0-127. 0 means use width set with /GW.) If asterisks display in a 25. 06/14/88 Guide to PS numeric cell, the column is too narrow to display the full number. /G Makes global commands available as follows: /G arrow Automatically moves cursor a distance of one cell in arrow's direction whenever a cell edit concludes with Enter or !. Cancel with /G Enter. /GC Turns on automatic recalculation. (/GN turns off recalculation.) /GD Controls the display attributes of all cells in the current sheets according to the next keystroke as follows: /GDC Displays coordinate grid, i.e., column letters and row numbers (default display). /GDF Displays formulas instead of their results. /GDN Does not display coordinate grid, i.e., horizontal and vertical position indicators. /GDR Displays results of formulas (default display). /GF Global Format; affects the format of all cells in the current sheets according to the next keystroke as follows: 26. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /GF, Displays all numeric cells with commas inserted between every third integer to left of decimal. /GF? Sets message for no value cells. Allows user's own message, entered next, to be displayed in all no- value cells instead of ?????? (default). 15- character maximum. Cancel with /GF??. /GF- Allows display of negative numbers 3 ways: with prefixed minus sign; with surrounding parentheses; or with suffixed CR (for "credit"). Cancel with /GF--. /GF$ Displays all numeric cells with dollar signs prefixed. /GFE Displays all numeric cells in scientific notation. /GFFnn Displays all numeric cells to the number of decimal places specified by nn. (nn = 0-15.) /GFI Displays all numeric cells in integer (whole number) form. /GN Negates the /GC command by turning off automatic recalculation. Only current cells will be recalculated when edited. /GC recalculates all cells. 27. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /GP Lets you assign a password to the current sheets when you select /SS. Confirm with Y, or negate with N. /GT Sets separators (delimiters) and other parameters when transferring data between PS and other programs, as follows: /GTD Sets the order that DIF (Data Interchange Format) files are processed, as follows: /GTDA Sets DIF files to be processed across, then down. /GTDD Sets DIF files to be processed down, then across. /GTC Sets column separator, entered next. /GTS Sets string separator, entered next. /GWnnn Sets all columns to width specified by nnn. (nnn = 1-127.) /I Makes insert commands available as follows: /IC If in page view (rows read down, columns read across), inserts a column to left of cursor. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across), inserts a page to left of cursor. If in row view (rows read down, columns read 28. 06/14/88 Guide to PS across), inserts a column to left of cursor. /IR If in page view (rows read down, columns read across), inserts a row above cursor. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across), inserts a row above cursor. If in row view (pages read down, columns read across), inserts a page above cursor. /IP If in page view (rows read down, columns read across), inserts a page at cursor location. If in column view (rows read down, pages read across) inserts a column at cursor location. If in row view (pages read down, columns read across), inserts a row at cursor location. /K Allows search for a keyword. Displays prompt "Search Key?"; type keyword, press Enter. Press Tab to search forward from cursor; press Shift-Tab to search backward from cursor. (Cancel with /KCtrl- End.) /O Allows sorting of rows, columns, pages, or defining a sequence of sorts, according to the next keystroke. /OR Allows row sort, using up to 3 sort fields (columns), in ascending or descending order. 29. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /OC Allows column sort, using up to 3 sort fields (rows), in ascending or descending order. /OP Allows page sort, using up to 3 sort fields (a group of cells with common column & row coordinates but different page coordinates), in ascending or descending order. /OD Allows entry of a sort definition, which specifies a sequence of row, column or page sorts. /P Makes printing commands available as follows: /PS Printer setup as follows: /PSL Begins Printer Linefeed Setup as follows: /PSLL Printer: use linefeed after carriage return. /PSLN Printer: no linefeed after carriage return. /PSF Begins Printer Formfeed Setup as follows: /PSFF Printer: move to the top of the next blank page of paper (page eject) after printing. /PSFN Printer: do not move to the top of the next blank page of paper (no page eject) after printing. 30. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /PSP Lets you set margins on printouts, and whether or not columns split across paper pages. /PSPB Sets bottom margin. /PSPC Sets whether columns split across pages. Next select N (no, only whole columns print on a page), or Y (yes, columns may split vertically, if necessary, from page to page). /PSPH Sets paper height (number of lines per page; include top and bottom margins). /PSPL Sets left margin. /PSPR Sets right margin. /PSPT Sets top margin. /PSPW Sets paper width (number of characters per line; include both margins.) /PSSc Controls printer features (such as number of characters per line); depends on printer make and model. (c = setup string, 0-8 characters which control a certain printer feature.) /PT cell Prints sheets beginning at current cursor location and continuing through "cell". ("cell" = any valid cell reference.) Note: /PC and /P@ are equivalent to /PT. 31. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /R Copies to another part of the data cube. After typing /R, answer prompt, "Source Range" with "cell.cell" Enter; answer next prompt, "Destination Range?" with "cell.cell" Enter. /R cell.cell "cell.cell" = two cell references separated by a period to indicate a range of cells. To replicate only cell formats and nothing else, precede your response to "Source Range?" with "F:". To replicate formulas and values, but not formats, precede your response to "Source Range?" with "V:". To replicate only results, not formulas or formats, precede your response to "Source Range?" with "R:". If "F:", "V:", or "R:" do not precede your response to "Source Range?", formats, formulas, and results are replicated. /S Makes storage commands available as follows: (In the description below, "file" = a storage file name you enter at prompt "...File Name?"; "range" = a range you specify.) /SA Mathematically adds the values of numeric cells in a specified storage file to corresponding cells in the current sheets. 32. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /SD file Allows deleting "file". Confirmation required: press Y to delete file named next; or press Esc to cancel /SD command. /SD deletes only PS storage files. /SL file Loads specified file from disk into memory; clears current sheets prior to loading. /SM file Merges specified disk file with current sheets. The merge process replaces cells in the current sheets with the values of corresponding cells from the specified file. /SS file Saves current sheets to disk. /ST range Lets you specify a range to be processed by the next named storage command. /SX Initiates data transfer to PS from other software. /SXD Allows ASCII data, either delimited in a source file or tabular, to be transferred to current sheets. Two prompts follow: one for the source file name, the other for specifying the target area in the current sheets where the source file data will go. Also called "paste" command. Previously, select the /GTC and /GTS commands to set separators (delimiters) for incoming data. If no column or string 33. 06/14/88 Guide to PS separators are set by these commands, tabular data is transferred. /SXI Allows data, in DIF format, in a source file to be transferred to the current sheets. Two prompts follow: one for the source file name, the other for specifying the target area in the current sheets where the source file data will go. Use the /GTDA and /GTDD commands to set the processing order of the DIF data prior to issuing /SXI. /SXO Allows data in the current sheets to be saved on disk in DIF format. Two prompts follow: one for the file name, the other for specifying that part of the current sheets to be saved on disk in DIF format. Use the /GTDA and /GTDD commands to set the processing order of the DIF data prior to issuing /SXO. /SXR Transfers data from other PS files into the current sheets. /T Makes title commands available as follows: 34. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /TB Sets both horizontal and vertical title areas; area includes row and column which contain cursor; also includes all rows above cursor and all columns to left of cursor. /TH Sets horizontal title area; area includes row which contains cursor and all rows above. /TN Cancels title area(s). /TV Sets vertical title area; area includes column which contains cursor and all columns to left. /W Makes window commands available as follows: /WB Sets both vertical and horizontal window. (/WBS for synchronous or /WBA for asynchronous windows). /WH Sets horizontal windows. (/WHS for synchronous or /WHA for asynchronous windows). /WN Cancels window area(s). /WV Sets vertical windows. (/WVS for synchronous or /WVA for asynchronous windows). /up-arrow When /W in effect, /down-arrow moves cursor into window /right-arrow indicated by arrow direction. /left-arrow /- Repeats textual entry of current cell to fill cell. 35. 06/14/88 Guide to PS /Home Moves cursor to cell A1A. /End Moves cursor to lower, right, rear of data cube. Esc If pressed after entering command mode but before command is executed, cancels that command and returns PS to ready mode. 36. 06/14/88 Guide to PS I/O COMMANDS Right-arrow You may press right-arrow as a response to any "File Name?" prompt. You then see the file name you typed for the last storage command at the bottom of the screen. Successive right-arrow keypresses display file names from the current directory. Pressing Enter executes the action of the current command on the file named at the bottom of the screen. Changing data drive You may change the drive for data whenever you see the prompt "File Name?". At this prompt, either 1) type the drive designator (usually a letter), then a colon, and press Enter, or 2) type the drive designator, a colon, then a file name for the current command, and press Enter. Either action changes the default data drive until changed again. You may also change drives by using the prefixes !: and @: with file names. These prefixes specify that the next named file resides on the program disk drive. Prefix !: to specify changing drives only for the next named file; prefix @: to specify a drive change for all subsequently named files. You may use these prefixes whenever you respond to the prompt "File Name?" Changing directory You may change directories from within PS by running an EXEC program named CD (Change 37. 06/14/88 Guide to PS Directory). This EXEC is provided on the PS program disk. From the ready mode, type /ER !:cd Enter. You see the prompt "Directory to change to?". Specify the directory and press Enter. PS returns to ready mode; all /S and /E processing will be directed to the specified directory until changed again. Ctrl-S Pauses the running of an EXEC begun with the /EC, /EL, /EM, or /ER commands. Resume EXEC by pressing Ctrl-S again. Esc Ends the running of an EXEC. 38. 06/14/88 Guide to PS VALID CELL REFERENCES There are five valid methods of referring to cells. Any of the following kinds of cell references are valid when building formulas, moving the cursor, responding to prompts, and issuing commands. Using Coordinates The most common way to refer to a cell. Refers to a cell by its column, row and page coordinates, e.g., A1A. Also called "cell name." Using & The ampersand (&) refers to the current cell. Used primarily in EXECs. Using Labels Assigns a word (label), such as "%PROFITS", to a cell. Established with the /F% command. Subsequent use of this reference must include the "%". Using @(x,y,z) Refers to a cell which is a certain x-y-z distance from the current cell. Also called relative cell reference. "x" = no. of cols. to left (-x) or right (+x); "y" = no. of rows above (-y) or below (+y); "z" = no. of pgs. in front of (- z) or behind (+z). @(2,-2,2) means, "the cell 2 cols. right, 2 rows above, and 2 pages behind the current cell." Another form of the relative cell reference is @(x,y,z,cell). Here, the x-y-z distance is computed not from the current cell, but from "cell". The values for x, y, and z may be the computed values of formulas or the values of 39. 06/14/88 Guide to PS other cell references. For example, the following cell reference is valid: @(sum(A1A.A10A),-2,2). Using PRIOR, NEXT, END The word PRIOR refers to the first non-blank cell backward from the current cell; NEXT refers to the first non-blank cell forward from the current cell; END refers to the last cell at the right-bottom-rear corner of the cube of actual data. (This cell may not contain any data.) 40. 06/14/88 Guide to PS OPERATORS & PRECEDENCE + Addition. - Subtraction. * Multiplication. / Division. ^ Exponentiation. // Modulo (remainder of division). The following relational operators return either "0" if the condition they express is false, or "1" if true. = Compare, equal. # Compare, not equal. > Compare, greater than. < Compare, less than. >= Compare, greater than or equal to. <= Compare, less than or equal to. Precedence: 1) Formulas in functions, formulas in parentheses 2) ^ 3) * / // 4) + - 5) # = < > >= <= 41. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PREPROGRAMMED FUNCTIONS @R(filename,cell) The value of the cell in which this function is placed, is taken from the value of the cell specified by "cell" in the storage file on disk specified by "filename" when you select /SXR. ABS(n) Absolute Value. Returns positive value of "n". AND(list) And. Returns "1" if all items in "list" are non-zero numeric items; otherwise returns "0". AVG(list) Average. Returns average of "list". CASE(list) Logical comparison. Compares value of first item in "list" with remaining odd-numbered items. If a match is found, returns value of item following matched item. If no match found, returns value of second item. DATE() or DATE(n) Date. Returns date kept by operating system clock. DOS() DOS. Returns codes for brand and version of operating system. DOW(n) Day of Week. Returns 1-7 of the date "n". (1 = Sunday, etc.) DUR(n,m) Duration. Returns interval between dates, "n" and "m". ERR() Returns the error value. When a cell's value is the error value, exclamation points display across the cell's width. 42. 06/14/88 Guide to PS FALSE() False. Returns "0". IF(list) Logical comparison. Returns value of last item in "list" if the value of the first item found in "list" is zero (false). Returns value of next-to-last item if the value of the first item found in list is not zero (true). If only 2 items are in "list", returns zero if the first item is zero; or returns the second item if the first item is not zero. IFERR(n) If Error. Returns "1" if "n" is in error, "0" if not in error. IFNOV(n) If No-Value. Returns "1" if "n" is a "no-value" cell, "0" if it is not. IFNUL(cell) If Null Cell. Returns "1" if "cell" is blank, "0" if it contains an entry. IFSTR(cell) If String (textual) Cell. Returns "1" if "cell" is textual, "0" if it is numeric. INT(n) Integer. Returns value of "n" as a whole number when "n" is not a date. If "n" is a date, returns first day of month in specified date. LEN(cell) Length of Cell. Returns number of characters in textual "cell". Returns "0" if "cell" is numeric. LUC(n,list) Look Up Column. Returns the value to the right of "n" when found in "list". LUP(n,list) Look Up Page. Returns the 43. 06/14/88 Guide to PS value one page behind "n" when found in "list". LUR(n,list) Look Up Row. Returns the value in the row below "n" when found in "list". MAX(list) Maximum Value. Returns maximum value in "list". MIN(list) Minimum Value. Returns minimum value in "list". MODE(list) Mode. Returns most frequently occurring value in "list". NAND(list) Not And. Returns "0" if all items in "list" are non-zero numeric items; otherwise returns "1". NOR(list) Nor Or. Returns "0" if any numeric cell in "list" is non-zero. NOT(n) Not. Returns "0" if "n" is true; returns "1" if "n" is false. NOV() or NV() Returns the no-value value. When a cell's value equals no-value, question marks display across the cell's width. This function is used as place holder when actual value unavailable. NUM(list) Number. Returns number of numeric entries in "list". NXOR(list) Not-exclusive Or. Returns "1" if "list" contains an even number of non-zero numeric cells; returns "0" if "list" contains an odd number of non-zero numeric cells. OR(list) Or. Returns "1" if a non-zero 44. 06/14/88 Guide to PS numeric item is in "list"; returns "0" if all items in "list" are zero. RD(n,m) Round. Rounds "n" to the number of decimal places specified by integer portion of "m". RND(n) Random. Returns an integer, randomly chosen, from 1 to "n". SEC(n,m) Seconds. Returns the time interval in seconds between the times "n" and "m". SGN(n) Sign. Returns "1" if "n" positive; "-1" if negative; "0" if zero. SQRT(n) Square Root. Returns the square root of "n". SSQ(list) Sum of the Squares. Returns the sum of the squares of each member in "list". STD(list) Standard Deviation. SUM(list) Summation. Returns the sum of the members of "list". TIME() or TIME(n) Time. Returns time kept by operating system clock. TRUE() True. Returns "1". XOR(list) Exclusive Or. Returns "1" if "list" contains an odd number of non-zero numeric cells; returns "0" if list contains an even number of non-zero numeric cells. X(cell) Returns column (or X) coordinate of "cell". 45. 06/14/88 Guide to PS Y(cell) Returns row (or Y) coordinate of "cell". Z(cell) Returns page (or Z) coordinate of "cell". 46. 06/14/88 Guide to PS TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (Except where noted, the result of "n" is in radians.) ACOS(n) Arccosine ASIN(n) Arcsine ATAN(n) Arctangent COS(n) Cosine. DEG(n) Number of Degrees RAD(n) Radian. (Here the result of "n" is in degrees.) SIN(n) Sine TAN(n) Tangent 47. 06/14/88 Guide to PS LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS EXP(n) Exponent, base e. Raises e to the nth power which returns the natural anti-logarithm of the argument "n". LOG(n) Log, base e LTEN(n) Log, base 10 48. 06/14/88 Guide to PS INTERACTIVE (EXEC) FUNCTIONS These functions are provided as file EXECs on the program disk. The file name of the function is in the left column below. These files are executed with the /ER command. AMORT Amortization Schedule CD Change Directory (not a function) EF Effective Interest Rate FV Future Value FVA Future Value for Annuity Due (Savings) IRR Internal Rate of Return ITERATE Iteration LP Loan Payment (Ordinary Annuity Payment) LR Linear Regression, with Trend Line Analysis NP Number of Payments NPV Net Present Value PA Payment for Annuity Due PV Present Value PVA Present Value for Annuity Due PVB Present Value for a Bond 49. 06/14/88 Guide to PS PS EXEC EXEC is a programming language built into PS to automate operations. An EXEC program is a list of instructions which directs PS to execute (hence the term EXEC) a sequence of instructions. The instructions come from three sources: PS commands, EXEC statements (p. 51), and EXEC keystroke facilities (p. 54). EXEC statements control the sequence in which the instructions are executed, move the cursor, and otherwise facilitate the composition of EXEC programs. EXEC keystroke facilities allow you to include certain keypresses within an instruction. There are two kinds of EXEC programs: file EXECs and in- memory EXECs. File EXECs are ASCII files which must begin with a comment statement (p. 51). A file EXEC may be created outside of PS by using a text editor which creates ASCII files. To run file EXEC programs, use /ER. You compose an in-memory EXEC in an unused section of the data cube. It is saved along with the current sheets when you select /SS. To run an in-memory EXEC, select /EC. 50. 06/14/88 Guide to PS EXEC PROGRAM STATEMENTS The following list shows the general form for each EXEC program statement. Include or omit spaces as shown. Include all punctuation as shown. Text enclosed between "<" and ">" denotes optional data; never type the "<" or ">". The word "cell" means any valid cell reference; the word "formula" means a number, valid cell reference, date, time, function, or any formula which contains these. Upper or lowercase may be used when typing EXEC program statements. ,;<optional comment> This line of the EXEC is a comment. It must always be the first line of a file EXEC. ,LET cell=formula Places "formula" in "cell". If the last character of "formula" is !, the value of "formula" is placed in the cell. ,STRING "message" cell Places the message inside the quotes on the edit line. User responds with textual entry which will be placed in "cell". Include quotes. ,NUMBER "message" cell Places the message inside the quotes on the edit line. User responds with numeric entry which will be placed in "cell". Include quotes. ,UP<=formula> ,DOWN<=formula> ,LEFT<=formula> ,RIGHT<=formula> ,IN<=formula> ,OUT<=formula> TAB<=formula> Moves the cursor the number of times (0-99 limit) specified by the answer to "formula". If answer positive, cursor moves forward from current cell; if negative, it moves backward. The "formula" is any valid formula that can appear in a cell; if missing, the value of 1 is assumed. ,END Equivalent to pressing the End key. To cause action of /End, put "/" character on line above. 51. 06/14/88 Guide to PS ,HOME Equivalent to pressing the Home key. To cause action of /Home, put "/" character on line above. ,MARK Marks the current location of the cursor. A later use of the ,BACK statement will return the cursor to the marked location. ,BACK Moves the cursor to the last location marked by a ,MARK statement. ,,cell The current position in the EXEC is saved in "cell". Use only in file EXECs. ,GO cell The next line of the EXEC executed will be in "cell" if running an in-memory EXEC, or at the position in the file EXEC con- tained in "cell" (see ,,cell) if running a file EXEC. ,IF formula THEN cell If the value of "formula" is not zero, this statement acts like a ,GO cell statement. Otherwise, it is ignored. ,GOSUB cell Similar to the ,GO statement, except the current location in the EXEC is also saved. The ,RETURN statement can be used to return to the statement after the ,GOSUB statement. ,RETURN The next statement executed is the one after the last ,GOSUB statement that was executed. ,AT cell Places the cursor at the cell whose name is contained in the cell referred to by the ,AT statement (indirection.) ,EXIT Equivalent to pressing Ctrl-Q (returns to operating system). Unrecorded data is lost. ,HIDE ,SHOW ,HIDE suppresses and ,SHOW displays screen activity (cursor, prompts, cell contents) when an EXEC is running. 52. 06/14/88 Guide to PS ,KEY cell Places the ASCII value of the keypress from the keyboard into "cell". ,MSG message Displays a user-defined "message" on the edit line. ,PRINT Equivalent to pressing Ctrl-P. ,USER Pauses a running EXEC and transfers control of the keyboard to the user. To resume EXEC, press function key F3. ,ESCOFF Disables the Esc key while the EXEC is running. ,ESCON Enables the Esc key while the EXEC is running. ,STATOFF Turns off display of the two status lines at screen bottom. ,STATON Turns on display of the two status lines at screen bottom. ,MSDOS CD "directory" Changes default for data to "directory". ,EXIT=n Passes an exit code, n, to operating system. "n" is a number between zero and 255. This statement is equivalent to Ctrl-QY. ,QUIT Ends the EXEC. 53. 06/14/88 Guide to PS EXEC KEYSTROKE FACILITIES A keystroke facility is a string surrounded by square brackets. It constitutes a keystroke in an EXEC program. Insert keystroke facilities into any EXEC command line or EXEC statement to execute the action of the keypress they represent. Facility: Executes action of: [del] Delete key [ins] Insert key [esc] Esc key [ret] Enter or Return key [era] Erase-to-end-of-line key (Ctrl-End) [upa] up-arrow [dow] down-arrow [lef] left-arrow [rig] right-arrow [hom] Home key [end] End key [Xnn] Up-arrow Xnn. Used to put hexadecimal codes "nn") into EXECs. [] comment This is a program comment. The EXEC program ignores the "[]" and all characters which follow it on that line. 54. 06/14/88 Guide to PS COMMAND LINE PARAMETERS Any of the following parameters can be entered on the command line when PS is started: PS <<A=>autoexec> <D=d> The parameters can be placed on the line in any order. Also, "A=" can be omitted from the 'autoexec' parameter. Parameters can be entered in upper or lower case-- case is ignored. A=autoexec Specifies the name of the EXEC file that is automatically run, or the storage file that is automatically loaded. If not found, PS starts normally with no error message. The default is AUTOEXEC. D=d Specifies the drive, "d" from which storage and EXEC files are retrieved. This can be changed while PS is running. The default is "B". Example: PS d=c payroll Set the default drive to "C:" and run the EXEC named "payroll". 55. 06/14/88